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Question 10341Question

Which of the following best explains why member states of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) sometimes experience challenges in fully implementing community protocols, such as the Free Movement of Persons and Goods, within their respective domestic territories?

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Answer: Member states retain their national sovereignty, enabling domestic legal, security, and economic considerations to take precedence over community decisions.

Answer

Member states retain their national sovereignty, enabling domestic legal, security, and economic considerations to take precedence over community decisions.
ECOWAS operates as a regional intergovernmental body composed of sovereign independent states. Because community protocols lack automatic supranational enforcement mechanisms without domestic legal integration, member nations often prioritize national security concerns, domestic market protection, and constitutional supremacy over regional directives.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the institutional character of ECOWAS as a regional organization.
ECOWAS functions as an intergovernmental arrangement rather than a supranational federation with absolute central authority.
Understanding the nature of sovereignty allocation helps explain how decisions are enforced across member countries.
2
Examine why community protocols face domestic implementation hurdles.
Individual sovereign states prioritize domestic economic interests, border security, and national laws over supranational agreements when conflicts arise.
National sovereignty allows member states to exercise discretion in ratifying and enforcing regional policies.

Key Concept

National Sovereignty and Regional Integration in ECOWAS
Question 10342Question

Match each institutional mechanism or legal instrument used to control the civil service on the left with its correct administrative function or legal authority on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Writ of Certiorari
Public Accounts Committee
Civil Service Commission
Public Complaints Commission

Matches

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Answer

The correct matches pair the Writ of Certiorari with quashing ultra vires rulings, the Public Accounts Committee with examining audited departmental financial statements, the Civil Service Commission with personnel recruitment and discipline, and the Public Complaints Commission with investigating citizen grievances against administrative injustice.
Each control mechanism operates within a distinct arm or agency of government: judicial control via prerogative writs like Certiorari, legislative control via scrutiny of financial accounts by the Public Accounts Committee, internal executive administration through the Civil Service Commission, and extra-judicial redress through the Public Complaints Commission (Ombudsman).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze judicial control mechanisms over administrative bodies.
Identify that the Writ of Certiorari is a judicial remedy designed to nullify illegal or unconstitutional decisions by administrative tribunals.
Judicial oversight ensures civil servants operate strictly within statutory boundaries.
2
Evaluate legislative financial controls over ministries.
Match the Public Accounts Committee to the function of reviewing Auditor-General reports on ministerial spending.
Legislative committees enforce parliamentary control over public finance and prevent financial impropriety.
3
Examine executive administrative controls and personnel management.
Associate the Civil Service Commission with managing civil service personnel policies, recruitment, and discipline.
Insulating personnel matters within an independent commission prevents political patronage and maintains neutrality.
4
Identify non-judicial remedies for public redress against bureaucratic pathologies.
Link the Public Complaints Commission to handling citizen complaints of bureaucratic highhandedness and inefficiency.
The Ombudsman provides an accessible, informal mechanism for citizens suffering from administrative abuse.

Key Concept

Control of Civil Service and Bureaucratic Oversight
Question 10343Question

Complete the following statement regarding the organizational history and Secretariat relocations of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

Fill in the blanks below

Although the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was formally established during the Baghdad Conference in 1960, its executive Secretariat was initially located in before being permanently relocated to in September 1965.
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Answer

The administrative Secretariat of OPEC was initially set up in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1961 until its permanent move to Vienna, Austria, in 1965.
Following OPEC's establishment by its five founding members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela) at the Baghdad Conference in September 1960, the organization established its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in January 1961. On September 1, 1965, OPEC moved its Secretariat to Vienna, Austria, following a host agreement that granted the organization official international status and privileges.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the host city of OPEC's initial administrative Secretariat following its 1960 founding in Baghdad.
Geneva, Switzerland was selected as the first operational seat of the OPEC Secretariat on January 21, 1961.
Geneva provided immediate neutral administrative facilities for the international organization.
2
Determine the permanent city to which OPEC relocated its headquarters in September 1965.
The Secretariat moved permanently to Vienna, Austria.
Austria ratified a formal host country agreement offering OPEC full diplomatic immunities and privileges.

Key Concept

OPEC Organizational Structure and Headquarters History
Question 10344Question

During the 1970s, Nigeria actively pursued its foreign policy objectives through simultaneous membership in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Which of the following best evaluates how Nigeria's participation in OPEC complemented its non-aligned diplomatic objectives during this era?

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Answer: It provided the financial autonomy needed to resist economic leverage from Cold War superpowers while asserting sovereignty over natural resources.

Answer

Participation in OPEC provided Nigeria with financial autonomy, enabling it to assert economic sovereignty over its natural resources and maintain non-aligned diplomatic independence from Cold War superpowers.
Joining OPEC in 1971 allowed Nigeria to maximize oil revenues through collective bargaining and production quota management. This financial independence strengthened Nigeria's ability to maintain a genuinely non-aligned foreign policy, eliminating financial reliance on conditional loans or aid from either the Western or Eastern Cold War blocs.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core objective of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
NAM aimed to preserve national independence, sovereignty, and non-adherence to multilateral military alliances led by Cold War superpowers (USA and USSR).
Understanding NAM requires recognizing that political non-alignment depends heavily on freedom from external superpower pressure.
2
Analyze the economic impact of OPEC membership on Nigeria after 1971.
OPEC membership enabled Nigeria to secure higher revenues and exercise sovereign control over its petroleum sector through collective price stabilization and production management.
Economic strength allowed developing nations to resist tied foreign aid and political dictation.
3
Evaluate the strategic synergy between OPEC membership and non-aligned foreign policy.
Financial self-sufficiency from oil revenues reinforced Nigeria's capacity to practice true non-alignment and champion anti-colonial and Afrocentric initiatives without fear of economic sanctions from Cold War superpowers.
Economic sovereignty is the foundation of independent diplomatic action.

Key Concept

Interdependence of Economic Sovereignty (OPEC) and Foreign Policy Autonomy (NAM)
Question 10345Question

Match each political and social concept in the left column with its correct defining characteristic in the right column.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

State
Nation
Society

Matches

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Answer

State pairs with the formal legal entity possessing defined territory and sovereignty; Nation pairs with the socio-cultural group bound by shared history and culture; Society pairs with the network of voluntary human relations.
The matching pairs correctly distinguish the three concepts: State is legal and territorial, Nation is socio-cultural and psychological, and Society is relational and social.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the defining characteristics of a State.
Identify that legal sovereignty, population, defined borders, and government define a State.
The concept of a State is political and legal in nature.
2
Analyze the defining characteristics of a Nation.
Identify that shared identity, common heritage, and linguistic or cultural bonds define a Nation.
The concept of a Nation is primarily psychological and cultural.
3
Analyze the defining characteristics of a Society.
Identify that voluntary social interaction and human relationships define a Society.
Society encompasses the general framework of social living beyond formal state control.

Key Concept

Distinctions between State, Nation, and Society across political, cultural, and social dimensions.
Question 10346Question

In a parliamentary system of government, what is the primary constitutional role of the Shadow Cabinet formed by the official opposition?

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Answer: To scrutinize executive policies and offer an alternative government program to the public

Answer

The primary constitutional role of the Shadow Cabinet is to scrutinize executive policies and offer an alternative government program to the public.
In a parliamentary system (such as the Westminster archetype), the Shadow Cabinet is composed of senior politicians from the main opposition party. Each shadow minister is assigned to track and critique a specific government ministry. Their primary role is to hold the current government accountable, highlight policy flaws, and present cohesive alternative policies to the electorate, demonstrating their readiness to assume power if the ruling government falls or loses an election.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the structural role of the official opposition in a parliamentary system
Recognize that the main opposition party forms a organized parliamentary group corresponding to executive ministries.
The parliamentary system relies on organized opposition to enforce executive accountability.
2
Analyze the specific function of the Shadow Cabinet within parliament
Shadow ministers shadow specific cabinet members, critically assessing government actions and offering alternative policies.
This maintains continuous scrutiny of the ruling cabinet and provides voters with a clear policy alternative.

Key Concept

Role of the Shadow Cabinet in a Parliamentary System
Question 10347Question

In traditional Igbo society, major violations against community taboos and spiritual norms required coercive enforcement backed by ancestral authority. Which traditional body was empowered to execute such sacred judicial decisions and maintain social control?

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Answer: Secret societies and masked cults

Answer

Secret societies and masked cults were empowered to execute sacred judicial decisions and enforce spiritual sanctions in pre-colonial Igbo governance.
Secret societies and masked cults (such as Mmanwu and Ekpe) represented the spiritual presence of ancestors in pre-colonial Igbo society. Because of their anonymous nature and sacred mandate, they were uniquely positioned to execute severe judicial decisions, enforce bans, and punish serious violations of custom without risking inter-lineage blood feuds or retaliation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the functional roles of institutions in pre-colonial Igbo political structure.
Identified age grades as executive/public works bodies, title holders as moral/advisory leaders, and secret societies as coercive spiritual/judicial enforcers.
The question asks specifically for the body responsible for executing sacred judicial decisions backed by ancestral authority.
2
Distinguish between secular executive enforcement and sacred ancestral enforcement.
Secret societies like Mmanwu operated under the guise of spirits, giving them absolute authority to enforce penalties for serious spiritual taboos (nso ala).
Because Igbo society was decentralized (acephalous), masked cults provided an anonymous, unquestionable mechanism for enforcing severe decisions.

Key Concept

Roles of Secret Societies and Cults in Pre-Colonial Igbo Political Governance
Estimated Time:50s
Question 10348Question

Match each traditional title holder in the Hausa-Fulani pre-colonial administrative system with their correct primary official responsibility.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Madawaki
Maaji
Sarkin Pawa
Galadima

Matches

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Answer

Madawaki matches with commanding the army forces and cavalry; Maaji matches with managing public revenues and the emirate treasury; Sarkin Pawa matches with regulating the meat trade and guild of butchers; Galadima matches with overseeing the civil administration of the capital city.
In the centralized Hausa-Fulani pre-colonial administration, distinct titles corresponded to specific political, military, and commercial duties: the Madawaki led the armed forces, the Maaji stored and disbursed public revenue as treasurer, the Sarkin Pawa regulated the meat market and butchers, and the Galadima governed the capital city.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary administrative role associated with each Hausa-Fulani title holder
Madawaki is the army commander, Maaji is the chief treasurer, Sarkin Pawa is the head of butchers, and Galadima is the capital city administrator.
The Hausa-Fulani pre-colonial system operated a centralized administration with specialized administrative and economic responsibilities assigned to specific title holders.
2
Pair each title holder on the left with their corresponding responsibility on the right
Madawaki -> Commanding army forces; Maaji -> Managing treasury; Sarkin Pawa -> Regulating meat trade; Galadima -> Overseeing capital administration.
Accurate pairing demonstrates clear understanding of the functional hierarchy in pre-colonial Northern Nigeria governance.

Key Concept

Functions of Key Officials and Title Holders in the Hausa-Fulani Emirate
Question 10349Question

Arrange the following revenue allocation bodies established in post-independence Nigeria in chronological order of their creation, from the earliest to the most recent.

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence is: Dina Interim Revenue Allocation Committee (1968), followed by the Aboyade Technical Committee on Revenue Allocation (1977), and lastly the Okigbo Presidential Commission on Revenue Allocation (1980).
The Dina Interim Revenue Allocation Committee was established first in 1968, followed by the Aboyade Technical Committee in 1977, and finally the Okigbo Presidential Commission in 1980.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the establishment year of the Dina Committee
The Dina Interim Revenue Allocation Committee was set up in 1968 during the Nigerian Civil War era.
Establishing the historical start point.
2
Identify the establishment year of the Aboyade Committee
The Aboyade Technical Committee was set up in 1977 to formulate new fiscal principles.
Placing the mid-1970s technical committee.
3
Identify the establishment year of the Okigbo Commission
The Okigbo Presidential Commission was set up in 1980 during the Second Republic.
Placing the post-1979 constitutional government commission.

Key Concept

Chronological evolution of post-independence fiscal commissions in Nigeria
Question 10350Question

Under the constitutional framework of legislative control over the executive in Nigeria, arrange the following procedural steps involved in the impeachment and removal of a President in their correct chronological sequence, from initiation to final removal.

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Answer

The correct chronological sequence of steps in the presidential impeachment process is: Presentation of a written notice signed by one-third of members -> Transmission of notice to the President and members -> Passing a two-thirds majority motion to investigate -> Appointment of a seven-member panel by the Chief Justice -> Adoption of the proved finding by a two-thirds majority vote of each House.
The correct sequence follows Section 143 of the Constitution of Nigeria. Impeachment starts when at least one-third of lawmakers sign and present a written notice of allegation to the Senate President. Next, within 7 days, the Senate President serves the notice on the President and all lawmakers. Third, within 14 days, both chambers vote by a two-thirds majority to investigate. Fourth, the Senate President requests the Chief Justice of Nigeria to appoint a non-partisan seven-member panel to conduct the investigation. Finally, if the panel finds the charges proved, both Houses must adopt the report by a two-thirds majority vote, resulting in the immediate removal of the President.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the constitutional initiation mechanism for legislative impeachment.
The impeachment process starts when a notice specifying allegations of gross misconduct, signed by at least one-third of all lawmakers, is submitted to the Senate President.
Constitutional rules require a minimal threshold of legislative support before formal impeachment proceedings can begin.
2
Determine the required service and notification step following submission.
The Senate President serves a copy of the notice on the President and distributes copies to all lawmakers within 7 days.
This guarantees constitutional due process and informs the executive officer of the specific charges.
3
Identify the vote required to officially authorize an inquiry.
Within 14 days of the notice, each chamber of the National Assembly must pass a motion by a two-thirds majority to investigate the matter.
A high voting threshold prevents trivial or politically frivolous allegations from advancing.
4
Identify the external judicial step for fact-finding.
The Senate President requests the Chief Justice of Nigeria to set up a neutral seven-person panel to investigate the charges within three months.
The constitution delegates fact-finding to an independent judicial panel to ensure impartiality.
5
Determine the final legislative vote required for removal.
If the panel reports that the allegation has been proved, each House considers the report and, upon adopting it by a two-thirds majority vote, the President stands removed.
The final decision to enforce removal rests with the elected legislature based on verified evidence.

Key Concept

Legislative Control over Executive: Impeachment Procedure under the 1999 Constitution
Question 10351Question

In a democratic state, supreme political authority is derived from the consent of the governed, who periodically exercise their franchise to mandate leaders and shape government policy. Which fundamental principle of democracy is directly exemplified by this arrangement?

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Answer: Popular sovereignty

Answer

Popular sovereignty
Popular sovereignty is the core democratic principle asserting that government derives its legitimacy and power from the people, who exercise political control through free, periodic elections and universal suffrage.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the core concept described in the scenario
The scenario focuses on political power originating from citizens who exercise their voting rights to empower representatives.
Identifying where political authority originates helps match the scenario to its correct political doctrine.
2
Evaluate democratic principles against the scenario characteristics
Popular sovereignty specifically asserts that supreme political power belongs to the electorate, whereas legal sovereignty refers to the supreme legislature, and separation of powers concerns internal governmental branch distribution.
Differentiating political/popular sovereignty from legal sovereignty and structural doctrines ensures precise selection.

Key Concept

Popular sovereignty in democratic political systems
Question 10352Question

During a political reform, a government submits its proposed constitution to a nationwide public referendum for ratification before implementation. This process serves as a primary determinant of political legitimacy because it derives authority from which of the following sources?

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Answer: Popular consent and legal-rational procedures

Answer

Popular consent and legal-rational procedures
Political legitimacy is the general acceptance of a governing regime's right to exercise authority. A public referendum validates legal-rational authority by securing the explicit consent of the governed through established democratic procedures.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the referendum process described in the stem.
A referendum allows citizens to vote directly on constitutional adoption.
Referendums demonstrate public approval and adherence to codified legal processes.
2
Identify the type and source of legitimacy generated by this process.
The authority is derived from democratic consent and formal legal mechanisms (legal-rational legitimacy).
Legitimacy is maintained when governance aligns with popular acceptance and constitutional norms.

Key Concept

Legitimacy: Meaning, Determinants, and Maintenance
Question 10353Question

Match each pre-colonial Yoruba political organ or official on the left with its corresponding constitutional check or administrative boundary on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Alaafin
Oyomesi
Ogboni Society
Are Ona Kakanfo

Matches

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Answer

The correct pairings align each Yoruba political body with its constitutional check: Alaafin matches with the monarch whose executive authority was bounded by council checks and religious taboos; Oyomesi matches with the council of seven kingmakers empowered to present parrot's eggs to compel ritual suicide; Ogboni Society matches with the secret society possessing judicial veto power over deposition decrees; and Are Ona Kakanfo matches with the supreme military commander banned from residing in the capital city.
In the constitutional framework of the pre-colonial Old Oyo Empire, power was decentralised through a delicate system of institutional checks and balances. The Alaafin held executive power but was restrained by council oversight and religious taboos. The Oyomesi council of seven kingmakers exercised legislative oversight and held the authority to reject a tyrant by presenting parrot's eggs, which obliged the king to commit suicide. To prevent the Oyomesi from abusing this deposition power, the Ogboni society of elders held judicial veto power over royal death sentences and deposition decrees. Finally, military power was checked by placing the Are Ona Kakanfo outside the capital city to neutralize military threats to political governance.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the executive head of the Old Oyo Empire and his constitutional boundaries.
The Alaafin was the supreme ruler whose authority was restrained by institutional checks, ritual taboos, and council oversight.
Prevents mistaking the monarch's position for absolute despotic rule.
2
Determine the constitutional role of the Oyomesi council.
The seven kingmakers (Oyomesi) held the prerogative of royal rejection by presenting parrot's eggs (calabash) to demand the monarch's ritual suicide.
Differentiates the council's rejection powers from military or judicial checks.
3
Analyze the balancing role of the Ogboni cult/society.
The Ogboni society acted as a religious-judicial mediator, approving or vetoing Oyomesi death and deposition decisions.
Clarifies that the Oyomesi did not hold unchecked power over the Alaafin.
4
Identify the military check concerning the Are Ona Kakanfo.
The Field Marshal (Are Ona Kakanfo) was constitutionally barred from living in Oyo-Ile to prevent military intervention in governance.
Establishes civil control over the military arm of the empire.

Key Concept

System of Checks and Balances in Pre-Colonial Yoruba Governance
Question 10354Question

Match each operational doctrine or structural class of the civil service on the left with its defining administrative function or constitutional requirement on the right.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Permanence of Tenure
Principle of Anonymity
Political Neutrality
Executive Class

Matches

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Answer

Permanence of Tenure matches continuous state administration across regimes; Principle of Anonymity matches shielding civil servants from public praise or blame under ministerial responsibility; Political Neutrality matches non-partisan loyalty without active electioneering; Executive Class matches routine policy implementation and day-to-day supervision.
Each core principle and organizational class of the civil service fulfills a specific administrative role: Permanence provides administrative continuity across changing political regimes; Anonymity protects civil servants by keeping public accountability strictly with the political Minister; Neutrality mandates impartial service regardless of personal political leanings; and the Executive Class manages routine policy implementation and day-to-day supervision.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Permanence of Tenure
Identified that career civil servants are permanent staff who guarantee continuity when governments change.
Tenure security is designed to preserve administrative stability.
2
Analyze Principle of Anonymity
Linked anonymity to the rule that Ministers speak for ministries and absorb public criticism or praise.
Civil servants write policies behind the scenes and do not defend them publicly.
3
Analyze Political Neutrality
Matched political neutrality with non-partisan service to any ruling party.
Civil servants must impartially execute policies of the government in power.
4
Analyze Executive Class
Matched executive class with routine day-to-day enforcement and supervision.
The executive cadre sits between the policy-formulating administrative class and the routine clerical staff.

Key Concept

Civil Service Characteristics, Organization, and Cadres
Question 10355Question

Fundamental human rights guaranteed to citizens under democratic constitutions are absolute entitlements that cannot be legally restricted or restricted by state authority under any circumstances.

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Answer: False

Answer

The statement is False. Fundamental rights guaranteed under constitutional law are qualified rights, meaning they can be legally limited or restricted under specific conditions such as public safety, national security, public health, or states of emergency.
The statement is False because fundamental rights guaranteed to citizens are legally qualified, not absolute. Governed by constitutional limitation clauses, state authorities are permitted to restrict freedoms such as movement or public assembly during national emergencies, public health crises, or to protect the rights and freedoms of others.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Examine the legal character of fundamental human rights in constitutional governance.
Differentiate between absolute rights and qualified rights.
Constitutional frameworks balance individual freedoms against the collective welfare and order of society.
2
Analyze constitutional provisions regarding rights limitations and emergency derogations.
Confirm that rights like movement, assembly, and speech may be restricted by valid statutory laws.
Laws reasonably justifiable in a democratic society can suspend or limit rights during emergencies or for public order.
3
Evaluate the truth value of the stem statement.
The assertion that rights cannot be restricted under any circumstances is false.
Because rights are subject to constitutional limits and legal derogations, the statement is incorrect.

Key Concept

Constitutional Limitations and Derogation of Fundamental Rights
Question 10356Question

During a gubernatorial election, an electoral officer falsified result sheets at the collation center to favor a defeated candidate. Following the official declaration of results, the aggrieved candidate intends to challenge the validity of the return and seek a nullification of the election. Which judicial body is constitutionally empowered to hear and determine this specific petition?

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Answer: An Election Petition Tribunal

Answer

An Election Petition Tribunal is the body constitutionally mandated to hear petitions challenging the validity of an election and its declared results.
The correct answer identifies Election Petition Tribunals as the ad-hoc judicial panels constitutionally vested with exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate disputes regarding the validity of declared election results.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the nature of the legal challenge in the scenario.
The candidate is seeking to challenge the validity of the election outcome and nullify the declared return due to result falsification.
Distinguishing between civil/criminal prosecution of electoral offenders and challenges to election validity dictates the proper judicial forum.
2
Determine the constitutional body with jurisdiction over election validity.
Election Petition Tribunals possess exclusive original jurisdiction to hear post-election petitions questioning whether a candidate was validly returned.
Constitutional provisions establish specialized ad-hoc tribunals to ensure election disputes are adjudicated swiftly by specialized panels.

Key Concept

Jurisdiction of Election Petition Tribunals in Electoral Dispute Resolution
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10357Question

In political governance, a unitary state functions through specific legal and operational principles. Match each unitary governance principle in Column A with its corresponding constitutional characteristic in Column B.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Flexible Constitution
Administrative Devolution
Parliamentary Supremacy
Single Source of Power

Matches

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Answer

Flexible Constitution matches ordinary legislative amendment procedures; Administrative Devolution matches delegated and revocable regional authority; Parliamentary Supremacy matches ultimate central law-making sovereignty; and Single Source of Power matches concentration of authority at the center without coordinate tiers.
In a unitary government, sovereign authority rests exclusively with the central government. Consequently, constitutional modification relies on standard legislative channels (Flexible Constitution), regional units exercise non-sovereign delegated authority subject to central revocation (Administrative Devolution), the national legislature holds supreme legal authority (Parliamentary Supremacy), and authority is not divided into autonomous coordinate spheres (Single Source of Power).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze the structural characteristics of a Unitary System of Government.
Identify how central sovereignty dictates legal flexibility, legislative authority, and regional power distribution.
Unitary systems centralize legal sovereignty in one national government body.
2
Pair each principle from Column A with its exact legal mechanism in Column B.
Match Flexible Constitution to statutory amendment processes, Administrative Devolution to revocable delegated power, Parliamentary Supremacy to central legislative authority, and Single Source of Power to non-coordinate authority distribution.
Each feature reflects the foundational doctrine that sub-national units do not possess independent constitutional sovereignty in a unitary state.

Key Concept

Constitutional and Administrative Features of a Unitary Government
Question 10358Question

In a parliamentary system of government, members of the executive cabinet are drawn directly from the legislative assembly, resulting in an overlap of membership and functions between both organs. Which constitutional principle describes this arrangement?

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Answer: Fusion of powers

Answer

Fusion of powers
In a parliamentary system of government, executive ministers are chosen from among elected members of parliament. This creates an structural overlap where the cabinet leads the legislative agenda while remaining part of parliament, a defining feature known as the fusion of powers.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the relationship described in the stem.
The stem describes a system where executive cabinet members are simultaneously members of the legislature.
Understanding the structural overlap between organs of state is key to identifying parliamentary characteristics.
2
Relate this structural overlap to constitutional principles.
When executive and legislative personnel overlap and collaborate directly, power is fused rather than strictly divided.
Fusion of powers is the defining structural feature connecting the cabinet to parliament in a parliamentary framework.

Key Concept

Fusion of Powers in a Parliamentary System
Question 10359Question

During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), the reluctance of traditional Western allies such as Britain and the United States to supply heavy military hardware to the Federal Military Government led to a significant shift in Nigeria's external relations. How did the administration of General Yakubu Gowon adapt Nigeria's foreign policy to overcome this diplomatic challenge?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: By shifting away from an exclusively pro-Western alignment and establishing military procurement ties with the Soviet Union.

Answer

By shifting away from an exclusively pro-Western alignment and establishing military procurement ties with the Soviet Union.
The correct answer is supported by historical evidence showing that during the 1967–1970 Civil War, Western reluctance to supply heavy weapons prompted General Yakubu Gowon's administration to diversify Nigeria's foreign policy by establishing strategic diplomatic and military purchasing relations with the Soviet Union.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the historical regime and context
General Yakubu Gowon led the Federal Military Government during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970).
Understanding the specific administration and external pressures is essential for analyzing foreign policy decisions.
2
Analyze the foreign policy response to Western hesitation
When Britain restricted arms supply and the United States maintained an arms embargo, Nigeria turned to non-traditional allies, particularly the Soviet Union.
Pragmatic national survival forced Nigeria to move beyond its post-independence pro-Western stance to secure required military equipment.
3
Evaluate the policy evolution outcome
Nigeria established functional military and economic ties with Eastern Bloc nations while remaining officially non-aligned.
This marked a major turning point in the practical implementation of Nigeria's non-aligned foreign policy.

Key Concept

Evolution of Nigeria's foreign policy under the Gowon administration during the Nigerian Civil War
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 10360Question

Under the voting procedure of the United Nations Security Council, a proposal to adopt a new item onto the Council's formal agenda is opposed by two permanent members who cast negative votes, while ten other members vote in favor. What is the legal outcome of this vote?

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Answer: The proposal passes because agenda adoption is a procedural matter where permanent members cannot exercise veto power.

Answer

The proposal passes because agenda adoption is a procedural matter where permanent members cannot exercise veto power.
Under Article 27 of the United Nations Charter, voting in the Security Council separates procedural matters from substantive ones. Adopting an agenda item is procedural. Procedural decisions require nine affirmative votes from any of the 15 members, and negative votes from permanent members do not constitute a veto.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the nature of the matter being voted upon in the Security Council.
Adopting an item onto the formal agenda is classified as a procedural decision under Article 27(1) of the UN Charter.
Security Council voting rules distinguish between procedural and substantive matters.
2
Apply the voting rule for procedural matters.
Procedural decisions require nine affirmative votes out of fifteen, regardless of whether those votes come from permanent or non-permanent members.
Permanent members possess veto power exclusively on substantive issues; their negative votes on procedural matters do not block resolutions.
3
Determine whether the vote threshold was met.
Ten affirmative votes were cast, satisfying and exceeding the nine-vote requirement, meaning the motion is adopted.
The ten votes in favor provide the required majority without veto interference.

Key Concept

Procedural vs Substantive Voting Rules in the UN Security Council
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