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Question 1581Question →

Which of the following provisions are enumerated as Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) under Part IV of the Constitution of India? Select all correct options.

Select all that apply

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Organization of village panchayats; Separation of judiciary from executive in public services

Answer

The provisions classified under the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in Part IV of the Constitution of India are the organization of village panchayats (Article 40) and the separation of the judiciary from the executive (Article 50).
The Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) contain Article 40 (Organization of village panchayats) and Article 50 (Separation of judiciary from executive). Both are guidelines for state policy.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the constitutional domain tested
The item asks to distinguish Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) from Fundamental Rights (Part III) and Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A).
Clear part-wise classification is essential to distinguish obligations of the State from rights and duties of citizens.
2
Evaluate the provisions under Part IV (DPSPs)
Organization of village panchayats (Article 40) and separation of judiciary from executive (Article 50) are both listed under Part IV.
These are Gandhian and Liberal-Intellectual principles directed at State policy.
3
Filter out non-DPSP provisions
Respecting the National Flag is a Fundamental Duty under Article 51A(a) in Part IV-A, and moving the Supreme Court for rights enforcement is a Fundamental Right under Article 32 in Part III.
These belong to Part IV-A and Part III respectively.

Key Concept

Classification of Constitutional Provisions: Part III (Fundamental Rights), Part IV (Directive Principles), and Part IV-A (Fundamental Duties)
Question 1582Question →

Match the mountain passes and relief features of the Indian Himalayas in List-I with their respective mountain ranges or geographic locations in List-II:

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Photu La Pass
Banihal Pass
Lipulekh Pass
Jelep La Pass

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Photu La Pass pairs with Zaskar Range (Ladakh); Banihal Pass pairs with Pir Panjal Range (Jammu & Kashmir); Lipulekh Pass pairs with Kumaon Himalayas (Uttarakhand); and Jelep La Pass pairs with Sikkim Himalayas.
Photu La Pass is on the Zaskar Range in Ladakh; Banihal Pass cuts through the Pir Panjal Range; Lipulekh Pass is located in the Kumaon Himalayas of Uttarakhand; and Jelep La Pass is situated in the Sikkim Himalayas.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the structural range of Photu La Pass.
Photu La Pass is situated on the Zaskar Range between Kargil and Leh in Ladakh.
This establishes the link between Photu La Pass and the Zaskar Range.
2
Determine the mountain range crossed by Banihal Pass.
Banihal Pass traverses the Pir Panjal Range of the Lesser Himalayas in Jammu & Kashmir.
This links Banihal Pass directly with the Pir Panjal Range.
3
Identify the regional Himalayan division for Lipulekh Pass.
Lipulekh Pass is located in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand within the Kumaon Himalayas.
This connects Lipulekh Pass with the Kumaon Himalayas.
4
Locate Jelep La Pass in the eastern sector of India's physiographic profile.
Jelep La Pass connects Gangtok, Sikkim to Lhasa in Tibet.
This confirms the pairing of Jelep La Pass with the Sikkim Himalayas.

Key Concept

Himalayan Passes and Relief Features of India
Question 1583Question →

Match the major world agricultural systems listed in List-I with their characteristic geographic regions listed in List-II, and select the correct matching pair.

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Mediterranean Agriculture
Commercial Dairy Farming
Intensive Subsistence Farming (Wet Paddy Dominant)
Commercial Livestock Ranching

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Mediterranean Agriculture matches with Coastal Southern Europe and California; Commercial Dairy Farming matches with North-Western Europe and North American Great Lakes; Intensive Subsistence Farming (Wet Paddy Dominant) matches with Monsoonal South and East Asia; Commercial Livestock Ranching matches with Temperate Grasslands of South America (Pampas).
Mediterranean Agriculture aligns with coastal Southern Europe and California due to specialized fruit and vine farming in Mediterranean climates. Commercial Dairy Farming is situated near major urban markets in North-Western Europe and the North American Great Lakes region. Intensive Subsistence Farming is practiced in densely populated river plains across monsoonal Asia. Commercial Livestock Ranching operates on extensive land tracts in temperate grasslands like the Pampas of South America.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the geographical region associated with Mediterranean Agriculture.
Mediterranean Agriculture corresponds to Coastal Southern Europe and California.
This agricultural type thrives in winter rainfall and hot, dry summer climatic conditions suited for viticulture and citrus fruits.
2
Identify the region suited for Commercial Dairy Farming.
Commercial Dairy Farming corresponds to North-Western Europe and the North American Great Lakes.
Proximity to large industrial urban centers provides a constant demand for fresh milk and dairy products.
3
Identify the location for Intensive Subsistence Farming (Wet Paddy Dominant).
Intensive Subsistence Farming corresponds to Monsoonal South and East Asia.
High population density and seasonal heavy monsoon rainfall favor intensive manual cultivation of wet paddy.
4
Identify the region associated with Commercial Livestock Ranching.
Commercial Livestock Ranching corresponds to Temperate Grasslands of South America (Pampas).
Vast open temperate pastures support continuous commercial grazing of livestock for beef and wool export.

Key Concept

Global Agricultural Systems and Geographic Distribution
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 1584Question →

Consider the following statements regarding revolutionary activities organized outside India during the First World War:

1. The Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was established under the Zimmermann Plan with support from the German Foreign Office to mobilize Indian revolutionaries abroad.
2. The first Provisional Government of India was proclaimed in Kabul in 1915, with Raja Mahendra Pratap as President and Maulavi Barkatullah as Prime Minister.
3. The weekly journal *Ghadar*, published by the Ghadar Party from San Francisco, prominently displayed the headline caption *Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman* (Enemy of British Rule) on its masthead.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1, 2, and 3

Answer

All three statements (1, 2, and 3) are correct.
All three assertions are historically accurate. During World War I, Indian revolutionaries leveraged global geopolitical rivalries: the Berlin Committee was set up under the Zimmermann Plan to organize armed uprising in India; the Provisional Government of India was declared in Kabul in December 1915 with Raja Mahendra Pratap as President and Maulavi Barkatullah as Prime Minister; and the Ghadar newspaper launched from San Francisco carried the explicit subtitle 'Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman' on its front masthead.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding the Berlin Committee for Indian Independence.
Statement 1 is correct. Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, Bhupendranath Dutta, and Lala Hardayal formed the Berlin Committee in 1914–1915 with German Foreign Office assistance under the Zimmermann Plan to incite rebellion among Indian soldiers and transport arms to India.
Verifying the external support mechanisms utilized by Indian revolutionaries during WWI.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding the Kabul Provisional Government.
Statement 2 is correct. In December 1915, an Indian diplomatic mission sent to Afghanistan established the Provisional Government of Free India in Kabul, headed by Raja Mahendra Pratap as President and Maulavi Barkatullah as Prime Minister.
Confirming the leadership and location of the earliest exiled government formed by Indian nationalists.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding the Ghadar Party journal.
Statement 3 is correct. The Ghadar Party published its flagship journal *Ghadar* starting in November 1913 from the Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco, featuring the banner phrase *Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman* and exposing colonial economic exploitation.
Checking the publication details and anti-colonial messaging of revolutionary literature abroad.

Key Concept

Overseas Revolutionary Movements during WWI (Berlin Committee, Kabul Provisional Government, and Ghadar Movement)
Question 1585Question →

With reference to the petroleum and natural gas resources of India, consider the following statements:

1. Digboi in Assam is the oldest operating oil field in India.
2. The Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin is a major deep-water natural gas reserve region located on the eastern coast of India.
3. Mumbai High is an onshore petroleum field situated in the Gujarat Cambay basin.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1 and 2 only

Answer

Statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect.
The combination stating '1 and 2 only' is correct because Digboi (Assam) holds historical status as India's premier operational oil field, and the Krishna-Godavari basin is a leading reserve for natural gas. Statement 3 is false because Mumbai High is located off the western coast in the Arabian Sea as an offshore oil field.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding Digboi oilfield.
Statement 1 is correct.
Digboi oilfield located in the Tinsukia district of Assam was drilled in the late 19th century and remains the oldest operating oil well/refinery region in India.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding the Krishna-Godavari basin.
Statement 2 is correct.
The Krishna-Godavari (KG) offshore basin along the Andhra Pradesh coast is one of India's prominent deep-water hydrocarbon reserves, primarily known for major natural gas discoveries.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding Mumbai High's physical location.
Statement 3 is incorrect.
Mumbai High (formerly Bombay High) is an offshore oilfield situated approximately 176 km off the Mumbai coast in the Arabian Sea, controlled by ONGC, not an onshore field in the Cambay basin.

Key Concept

Classification and Regional Distribution of Hydrocarbon Resources in India
Estimated Time:1m 0s
Question 1586Question →

Match the major mineral and energy resource extraction centres in List-I with their corresponding primary resource in List-II:

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Panchpatmali
Tummalapalle
Dalli-Rajhara
Ravva

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Panchpatmali matches with Bauxite, Tummalapalle matches with Uranium, Dalli-Rajhara matches with Iron Ore, and Ravva matches with Petroleum and Natural Gas.
Panchpatmali is India's principal bauxite mining hill range. Tummalapalle is a major host of dolostone-type uranium reserves. Dalli-Rajhara provides iron ore to the steel industry, and Ravva is an offshore field yielding crude oil and natural gas.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the resource associated with Panchpatmali
Panchpatmali hill range in Koraput, Odisha is rich in high-grade bauxite.
It is the primary source of raw material for the National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO).
2
Identify the resource associated with Tummalapalle
Tummalapalle in Andhra Pradesh is a major atomic mineral field containing carbonate-hosted uranium ore.
It was identified by the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research as a major reserve.
3
Identify the resource associated with Dalli-Rajhara
Dalli-Rajhara range in Balod district, Chhattisgarh yields hematite iron ore.
It acts as a captive iron ore supplier for the public sector Bhilai Steel Plant.
4
Identify the resource associated with Ravva
Ravva field in the Krishna-Godavari offshore basin produces crude oil and natural gas.
It is one of India's established east-coast offshore hydrocarbon reserves.

Key Concept

Geographical distribution and production centers of metallic, atomic, and hydrocarbon resources in India.
Question 1587Question →

With reference to the political and social institutions of the Early Vedic Period in ancient India, consider the following statements:

1. The 'Sabha' functioned as a smaller council of village elders and influential nobles, whereas the 'Samiti' was a comprehensive folk assembly representing the tribe as a whole.
2. Women were permitted to participate in the deliberations of the 'Sabha' during the Early Vedic Period.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Both 1 and 2

Answer

Both 1 and 2 are correct.
Both statements are correct. During the Early Vedic (Rigvedic) period, the 'Sabha' was a smaller council composed of elders and distinguished members who performed administrative and judicial functions, while the 'Samiti' was the larger general body of the tribe. Furthermore, women held high status in Rigvedic society and were allowed to participate in the deliberations of the Sabha, a privilege that was revoked during the Later Vedic period.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze statement 1 regarding the administrative roles of the Sabha and Samiti.
In the Rigvedic (Early Vedic) period, the 'Sabha' was a select body of elders and nobles performing judicial and advisory functions, while the 'Samiti' was the general assembly of the entire tribe ('vis') responsible for major tribal decisions including electing the 'Rajan' (chief). Statement 1 is correct.
Establishing the structural distinction between tribal political bodies in the Rigvedic era.
2
Analyze statement 2 regarding women's participation in Early Vedic assemblies.
In the Early Vedic period, women enjoyed equal social status in political life and actively attended assemblies such as the Sabha (referred to as Sabhavati). This practice declined later in the Later Vedic period. Statement 2 is correct.
Evaluating gender participation rights across early Indian historical phases.

Key Concept

Early Vedic Political Institutions (Sabha and Samiti)
Question 1588Question →

With reference to ancient and medieval Indian rock-cut art and architecture, which royal dynasty is credited with the construction of the famous monolithic Kailashnath Temple (Cave 16) at Ellora?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Rashtrakutas

Answer

Rashtrakutas
The monolithic Kailashnath Temple (Cave 16) at Ellora, Maharashtra, is one of the largest single rock-cut structures in the world. It was carved out of a basalt cliff under the patronage of Rashtrakuta King Krishna I during the 8th century CE.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the location and structural type of the monument mentioned.
The Kailashnath Temple (Cave 16) at Ellora is a world-famous monolithic rock-cut temple carved from top to bottom out of a single basalt cliff face.
Establishing the precise monument helps correlate it with its historical period and patron dynasty.
2
Recall the royal patronage associated with Cave 16 at Ellora.
The temple was excavated during the reign of the Rashtrakuta monarch Krishna I (c. 756–773 CE).
Connecting the monument to its specific ruler confirms the correct ruling dynasty.

Key Concept

Patronage of Rock-Cut Architecture in Medieval India
Question 1589Question →

With reference to Laterite soils and their associated vegetation and agricultural patterns in India, consider the following statements:

1. Laterite soils are characterized by an abundance of iron oxide and aluminium compounds, but are severely depleted in nitrogen, phosphate, and calcium due to tropical leaching.
2. Red laterite soils found in parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala are particularly suitable for growing tree crops such as cashew nut.
3. High rainfall in laterite soil regions leads to a deep, rich accumulation of organic humus because microorganisms cannot decompose plant matter in high humidity.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1 and 2 only

Answer

Statements 1 and 2 are correct, whereas statement 3 is incorrect.
The correct response identifies that statements 1 and 2 accurately describe Laterite soils. Intense monsoon leaching removes silica, leaving behind iron oxides and aluminium, while depleting nitrogen, phosphate, and lime. When managed properly, red laterites in southern coastal states are well-suited for tree crops such as cashew nut. Statement 3 is wrong because high temperatures foster rapid microbial decay of organic matter, rendering laterite soils low in humus.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement 1 regarding chemical composition and leaching.
Laterite soils are formed in regions with high temperature and heavy seasonal rainfall. Intense leaching washes away silica, leaving the soil rich in oxides of iron and aluminium, while rendering it deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and base elements. Statement 1 is correct.
Evaluates pedological formation processes under monsoon climatic regimes.
2
Analyze Statement 2 regarding agricultural suitability for plantation crops.
With appropriate soil conservation and fertilizer application, red laterite soils in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh are widely used for tree crops like cashew nut, tapioca, and tea. Statement 2 is correct.
Evaluates crop-soil alignment across Peninsular India.
3
Analyze Statement 3 regarding organic matter and humus content.
High temperatures promote thriving bacterial growth that rapidly consumes organic humus, while heavy rains wash away humus deeper into the subsoil. Consequently, laterite soils are notoriously poor in organic humus. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Identifies common misconception regarding high biomass regions versus actual soil humus retention.

Key Concept

Pedological characteristics, leaching dynamics, and crop suitability of Laterite soils in Peninsular India
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 1590Question →

With reference to the Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918 during the early phase of Mahatma Gandhi's mass interventions in India, consider the following statements:

1. It was the first instance in India where Mahatma Gandhi used a fast unto death as a weapon of protest.
2. The industrial dispute arose primarily over the withdrawal of the Plague Bonus and workers' demand for a wage increase to offset war inflation.
3. Social reformer Anusuya Sarabhai invited Mahatma Gandhi to intervene and led the workers alongside him.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1, 2 and 3

Answer

All three statements (1, 2, and 3) are correct.
All three statements are historically accurate. The 1918 Ahmedabad Mill Strike was triggered by the withdrawal of the Plague Bonus, involved key leadership from Anusuya Sarabhai, and was the site of Gandhi's first fast unto death in India.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding Gandhi's fast unto death
Statement 1 is correct. During March 1918, Gandhi undertook his first hunger strike in India to rally worker resolve during the Ahmedabad Mill Strike.
While Champaran (1917) was his first Civil Disobedience and Kheda (1918) his first Non-Cooperation, Ahmedabad marked his first Hunger Strike.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding the causes of the dispute
Statement 2 is correct. Mill owners sought to discontinue the Plague Bonus after the epidemic subsided, while workers demanded a 35% wage hike due to wartime price rises.
The owners initially offered only 20%, leading to a deadlock that prompted Gandhi's arbitration and peaceful agitation.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding leadership involvement
Statement 3 is correct. Anusuya Sarabhai (sister of industrialist Ambalal Sarabhai) actively supported the mill workers and requested Gandhi to lead the strike.
She was a key pioneer of the labor movement in Gujarat and subsequently founded the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association (Majoor Mahajan Sangh).

Key Concept

Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918
Question 1591Question →

Match the medieval Indian administrative terms and officials in List-I with their corresponding administrative functions and state contexts in List-II:

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Mustaufi-i-Mamalik
Athavana
Tarafdar
Majumdar

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Mustaufi-i-Mamalik corresponds to the Auditor General under the Delhi Sultanate; Athavana corresponds to the Central Land Revenue Department of the Vijayanagara Empire; Tarafdar corresponds to the Provincial Governor of a Taraf in the Bahmani Kingdom; and Majumdar corresponds to the Auditor and Accountant General in the Maratha Ashtapradhan council.
Each administrative term directly matches its respective dynasty and function: Mustaufi-i-Mamalik served as the Auditor General under the Delhi Sultanate; Athavana was the central land revenue department of the Vijayanagara Empire; Tarafdar referred to provincial governors in the Bahmani Sultanate; and Majumdar was the Accountant General in the Maratha Ashtapradhan system.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze 'Mustaufi-i-Mamalik' within Delhi Sultanate central administration.
Identify that Mustaufi-i-Mamalik functioned as the Auditor General responsible for inspecting state expenditure, whereas Mushrif-i-Mamalik served as the Accountant General.
This establishes the exact matching link for the Delhi Sultanate administrative office.
2
Examine 'Athavana' in Southern Indian medieval governance.
Recognize that Athavana was the land revenue department established under the Vijayanagara rulers to manage tax assessments.
Differentiates Vijayanagara revenue terminology from military structures like the Nayankara system.
3
Evaluate 'Tarafdar' in the context of Deccan Sultanates.
Associate Tarafdar with the governorship of provinces (Tarafs) created within the Bahmani Sultanate.
Confirms the administrative hierarchy reshaped during Mahmud Gawan's tenure as Prime Minister.
4
Identify 'Majumdar' within Maratha governance under Shivaji.
Link Majumdar (Amatya) to the Ashtapradhan post overseeing accounts, audits, and state financial ledgers.
Completes all pairwise matches accurately based on historical administrative roles.

Key Concept

Medieval Indian Administrative Terminology and Governance Structures Across Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagara, Bahmani, and Maratha Empires
Question 1592Question →

Consider the following statements regarding the geological distribution, chemical characteristics, and extraction of fossil fuel resources in India:

1. Tertiary coal deposits in North-East India are characterized by higher sulfur and moisture content but lower ash content compared to Gondwana coal.
2. Commercial production of Coalbed Methane (CBM) in India is predominantly localized in the Gondwana coalfields of the Damodar Valley basin.
3. The major lignite fields of Neyveli are embedded within Tertiary sedimentary rock strata of the Cuddalore formation.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1, 2 and 3

Answer

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are all correct.
All three statements are factually accurate. Tertiary coal of North-East India is high in sulfur and moisture with low ash content, contrasting with Gondwana coal. Commercial Coalbed Methane (CBM) blocks are operational in the Gondwana coal fields of the Damodar Valley (such as Raniganj). The lignite deposits of Neyveli in Tamil Nadu are situated within Tertiary sedimentary strata of the Cuddalore formation.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding Tertiary coal vs. Gondwana coal properties.
Gondwana coal (accounting for over 98% of India's reserves) has high ash content (25% to 45%) and low sulfur content (<0.5%). Conversely, Tertiary coal found in Assam, Meghalaya, and Nagaland contains low ash but high sulfur (2% to 7%) and high moisture. Thus, Statement 1 is correct.
Geological age and parent vegetation conditions dictate the differential volatile, sulfur, and mineral matter composition of the coal seams.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding commercial Coalbed Methane (CBM) production basins.
Commercial exploitation of Coalbed Methane in India is predominantly situated in the deep Gondwana coal seams of the Damodar-Koel Valley, specifically within blocks like Raniganj South and Jharia. Thus, Statement 2 is correct.
Gondwana coal seams in the Damodar Valley possess adequate depth, rank, and gas saturation for commercial CBM recovery.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding the geological age of Neyveli lignite deposits.
The extensive lignite reserves at Neyveli in Tamil Nadu belong to the Tertiary period (Eocene-Miocene epochs) and are embedded in the sandstone and clay beds of the Cuddalore Formation. Thus, Statement 3 is correct.
Lignite is a low-rank, younger brown coal formed during Tertiary coastal marine transgressions.

Key Concept

Geological classification, chemical composition, and commercial distribution of Indian coal, lignite, and unconventional gas resources.
Question 1593Question →

The Indian island territories in the Bay of Bengal are divided into two major groups. Which of the following water bodies geographically separates the Andaman Islands group from the Nicobar Islands group?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Ten Degree Channel

Answer

The Ten Degree Channel is the narrow water body that geographically separates the Andaman Islands group from the Nicobar Islands group.
The correct answer identifies the Ten Degree Channel, a ocean channel approximately 150 km wide situated along the 10° N line of latitude. It forms the official physical and physiographic boundary between the Andaman group of islands to the north and the Nicobar group of islands to the south in the Bay of Bengal.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the geographical position of the Indian island groups in the Bay of Bengal.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands form an elongated arc in the Bay of Bengal oriented along a North-South axis.
Understanding spatial alignment helps locate key relief boundaries and channels.
2
Locate the dividing latitude line separating Little Andaman from Car Nicobar.
The sea passage situated along the 10° N parallel line acts as the physical divide between Little Andaman to its north and Car Nicobar to its south.
This physical feature is named the Ten Degree Channel after its latitudinal position.

Key Concept

Relief Features and Maritime Passages of Indian Island Groups
Question 1594Question →

Arrange the following types of coal found in India in descending order of their carbon content and quality (from highest carbon content to lowest):

Drag items to arrange them in the correct order

Show answer & explanation

Answer

The correct sequence of coal types in descending order of carbon content is Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, and Peat.
Anthracite possesses the highest carbon content (>80-95%), followed by Bituminous (60-80%), Lignite (40-55%), and Peat (<40%). Therefore, arranging them from highest to lowest carbon content yields Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, and Peat.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Determine the carbon percentage for each variety of coal.
Anthracite has 80–95% carbon, Bituminous has 60–80%, Lignite has 40–55%, and Peat has under 40%.
Coal rank increases with carbon content and calorific value due to heat and pressure over geological time.
2
Order the coal types from highest carbon content to lowest.
Anthracite → Bituminous → Lignite → Peat.
This matches the descending order requirement.

Key Concept

Classification of Coal Grades by Carbon Content
Question 1595Question →

Match List-I (Soil / Vegetation Type in India) with List-II (Characteristic Region / Feature):

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Black Soil (Regur)
Laterite Soil
Tropical Evergreen Forest
Mangrove Vegetation

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Black Soil pairs with Deccan Lava Plateau; Laterite Soil pairs with intensely leached soil regions; Tropical Evergreen Forest pairs with heavy rainfall zones (>200 cm) of Western Ghats/North-East; Mangrove Vegetation pairs with coastal deltas like the Sundarbans.
Each item in List-I uniquely aligns with its corresponding spatial distribution and environmental characteristic in List-II: Black soil with the Deccan basalt plateau, Laterite soil with heavy tropical leaching, Tropical Evergreen forests with wet regions receiving over 200 cm rainfall, and Mangroves with deltaic tidal mudflats.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the primary parent rock and agricultural region of Black Soil.
Black soil originated from basaltic Deccan lava flows and is famous for holding moisture, making it ideal for cotton production.
Relate pedological properties to geography.
2
Identify the formation mechanism of Laterite Soil.
Heavy leaching in tropical rainy conditions washes away silica, leaving behind iron and aluminum oxides.
Relate weathering processes to soil classification.
3
Determine climatic thresholds for Tropical Evergreen Forests.
Requires high humidity and rainfall exceeding 200 cm annually, found prominently in the Western Ghats windward side and North-East India.
Relate rainfall ranges to natural vegetation zones.
4
Associate Mangrove Vegetation with its morphological and spatial adaptation.
Grows along intertidal zones such as the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta (Sundarbans) with pneumatophores.
Relate coastal ecosystem features to vegetation types.

Key Concept

Distribution and Ecological Characteristics of Major Soil Types and Natural Vegetation in India
Question 1596Question →

Match the prominent leaders of the Revolt of 1857 listed in Column I with their primary centers of resistance listed in Column II:

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Items

Begum Hazrat Mahal
Khan Bahadur Khan
Maulvi Ahmadullah
Nana Saheb

Matches

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Begum Hazrat Mahal matches with Lucknow; Khan Bahadur Khan matches with Bareilly; Maulvi Ahmadullah matches with Faizabad; Nana Saheb matches with Kanpur.
Begum Hazrat Mahal led the uprising in Lucknow, Khan Bahadur Khan organized the revolt in Bareilly, Maulvi Ahmadullah led the armed resistance from Faizabad, and Nana Saheb commanded the rebel forces in Kanpur.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the region associated with Begum Hazrat Mahal during the 1857 Revolt.
Begum Hazrat Mahal took charge of the rebellion in Lucknow.
She rallied forces in Awadh after the annexation by the British.
2
Identify the primary center of resistance for Khan Bahadur Khan.
Khan Bahadur Khan assumed control of the rebellion in Bareilly (Rohilkhand).
He established an independent administration in Bareilly during the uprising.
3
Identify the center of activity for Maulvi Ahmadullah.
Maulvi Ahmadullah mobilised resistance against the British in Faizabad.
He was a key ideological and military commander based in the Faizabad region.
4
Identify the primary center led by Nana Saheb.
Nana Saheb led the revolt in Kanpur alongside Tatya Tope.
His grievances over the pension refusal by the East India Company made Kanpur a major hub.

Key Concept

Key leaders and their primary centers during the Revolt of 1857
Question 1597Question →

Consider the following statements regarding the geological occurrence and characteristics of coal resources in India:

1. Gondwana coal deposits, which constitute nearly 98% of India's total coal reserves, typically exhibit low sulfur content alongside relatively high ash content.
2. Tertiary coal fields are primarily located in the northeastern region of India and contain coal with high sulfur and moisture content.
3. The Jharia coalfield in Jharkhand is the oldest commercial coalfield in India, having been developed prior to the Raniganj coalfield in West Bengal.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Statements 1 and 2

Answer

Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
The correct response identifies Statements 1 and 2 as true while rejecting Statement 3. Gondwana coal accounts for over 98% of Indian reserves and is characterized by low sulfur but high ash content. Tertiary coal in the northeastern states (Assam, Meghalaya) has higher moisture and sulfur content. Raniganj in West Bengal—not Jharia—is the oldest coalfield in India.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Evaluate Statement 1 regarding Gondwana coal properties.
Gondwana coal forms about 98% of Indian reserves. It originated in the Permian period, possesses low sulfur content (usually less than 1%), but high ash content (15% to 45%). Statement 1 is TRUE.
Geological conditions during the Permian era in Peninsular India favored fluvial sedimentation leading to high inorganic non-combustible matter (ash) and low marine sulfur insertion.
2
Evaluate Statement 2 regarding Tertiary coal properties and location.
Tertiary coal deposits (Eocene to Oligocene/Miocene age) are predominantly found in extra-peninsular regions like Assam (Makum), Meghalaya (Cherrapunji, Daranggiri), Arunachal Pradesh (Namchik-Namphuk), and Nagaland. They are younger, friable, and high in both sulfur (2-5%) and moisture. Statement 2 is TRUE.
Deposition in coastal/marine environments during the Tertiary period exposed the vegetation to marine sulfates, raising sulfur levels.
3
Evaluate Statement 3 regarding historical coalfield origins.
Raniganj Coalfield in Damodar Valley, West Bengal, is the oldest coalfield in India, where mining started in 1774 by Sumner and Heatly of the East India Company. Jharia Coalfield was developed much later in the 1890s, though it holds India's richest prime coking coal reserves. Statement 3 is FALSE.
Confusing the historic origin site (Raniganj) with the largest coking coal repository (Jharia) leads to an incorrect evaluation of Statement 3.

Key Concept

Geological distribution, chemical properties, and historical development of Gondwana versus Tertiary coal resources in India
Estimated Time:1m 30s
Question 1598Question →

Which of the following constitutional writs literally means 'We Command' and is issued by a court to compel a public official to perform a mandatory statutory duty?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Mandamus

Answer

Mandamus is the writ that literally means 'We Command' and compels performance of a public duty.
Mandamus is a Latin term meaning 'We Command'. It is issued by superior courts to compel a public official, lower court, or administrative body to execute a legal duty imposed upon them.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the literal translation and legal purpose of the writ described in the question.
The phrase 'We Command' corresponds to Mandamus, which enforces mandatory public or statutory duties.
Under Article 32 and Article 226 of the Constitution of India, courts issue Mandamus to prevent public authorities from failing or refusing to carry out legal obligations.

Key Concept

Scope and meaning of Judicial Writs under Fundamental Rights
Estimated Time:45s
Question 1599Question →

With reference to the Deccan Riots of 1875 in colonial India, consider the following statements:

1. The agrarian discontent was primarily targeted against Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders following the collapse of cotton prices after the end of the American Civil War under the Ryotwari revenue framework.
2. The initial phase of resistance manifested as an organized social boycott of moneylenders in the Pune district before developing into physical raids to seize and destroy debt bonds.
3. Based on the findings of the Deccan Riots Commission, the colonial government enacted the Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act of 1879 to prevent the arrest and imprisonment of ryots for unpaid debt.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: 1, 2 and 3

Answer

All three statements (1, 2, and 3) are correct.
The correct response includes all three statements because each accurately describes a distinct phase or aspect of the Deccan Riots of 1875. The movement arose from post-American Civil War economic distress under the Ryotwari system (Statement 1), began as an organized social boycott before targeting debt bonds (Statement 2), and resulted in the enactment of the Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act of 1879 (Statement 3).

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Analyze Statement 1 regarding the economic causes and target group.
Statement 1 is correct. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), cotton demand boomed, leading to easy credit and high revenue assessments under the Ryotwari system. When the boom ended in 1865, cotton prices crashed while land revenue remained high, forcing ryots into heavy debt traps set by outsider Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders (sahukars).
Establishing the agrarian background and primary antagonists of the 1875 revolt.
2
Analyze Statement 2 regarding the progression and nature of the agitation.
Statement 2 is correct. In December 1874, ryots of Karde village in Sirur taluka (Pune district) initiated a systematic social boycott against local moneylenders, refusing to cultivate their land or serve them. By May 1875, this transformed into collective raids on moneylenders' houses to burn debt bonds, land deeds, and promissory notes.
Evaluating the tactical progression of the peasant resistance.
3
Analyze Statement 3 regarding the official response and legislative outcome.
Statement 3 is correct. Fearing a wider revolt similar to 1857, the colonial government established the Deccan Riots Commission in 1875. Its recommendations led directly to the enactment of the Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act of 1879, which protected ryots against arrest and imprisonment for non-payment of debt and restricted land alienations.
Verifying the administrative and legal aftermath of the riots.

Key Concept

Deccan Riots (1875) causes, peasant tactics (social boycott and bond burning), and statutory outcome (Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act of 1879).
Estimated Time:2m 0s
Question 1600Question →

Who among the following was appointed as the commander of the 'Rani of Jhansi Regiment', the female combat unit of the Indian National Army (INA) established by Subhas Chandra Bose in 1943?

Show answer & explanation

Answer: Lakshmi Swaminathan (Captain Lakshmi Sahgal)

Answer

Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan (Lakshmi Sahgal) served as the commander of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment of the Indian National Army.
Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan (Lakshmi Sahgal) led the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, established in July 1943 in Singapore under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose as an all-women unit of the Indian National Army.

Step-by-Step Solution

1
Identify the historical military unit specified in the question.
The target organization is the 'Rani of Jhansi Regiment', created as an all-women unit of the Azad Hind Fauj (INA) in Singapore in July 1943.
Subhas Chandra Bose established this regiment to enable women to actively participate in the armed struggle for India's independence.
2
Determine the leader appointed to command this regiment.
Dr. Lakshmi Swaminathan took charge of the regiment as its commanding officer and was given the rank of Captain.
She spearheaded the recruitment, military training, and deployment of the unit during the INA campaign.

Key Concept

Rani of Jhansi Regiment and Women's Leadership in the Indian National Army
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