Tüm alıştırma soruları

The board of directors at a major technology firm is debating whether to transition the company's core product line to focus exclusively on artificial intelligence. During the meeting, several board members present arguments advocating for the transition.

Which of the following statements made by the board members commit a logical flaw by relying on an illegitimate appeal to authority, popular opinion, or emotion? Select all that apply.

Match each logically flawed argument below to the abstract description that most accurately identifies its specific error in reasoning regarding the relationship between parts and wholes.

Historians recently discovered that medieval European towns with large centralized grain silos experienced significantly fewer winter disease outbreaks than towns with decentralized, individual storage. The historians concluded that the centralized storage system directly caused this improvement in public health.

Match each alternative explanation (causal objection) for this correlation with the specific defender assumption required to rule it out.

A city council implemented a new tax on sugary drinks. One year later, the obesity rate in the city dropped by 5%. The council concluded that the sugary drink tax successfully caused the reduction in obesity.

Match each alternative explanation for the drop in obesity with the defender assumption that would logically neutralize it.

Urban planner: Critics of the proposed Metro Valley consolidation argue that the new district will be too densely populated and unmanageable. However, their fears are unfounded. Each of the individual municipalities slated for inclusion in the consolidation currently has a remarkably small population and ample open space. Therefore, the newly formed Metro Valley district as a whole will certainly have a remarkably small population.

Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the urban planner's reasoning?

An argument concludes that if the average water temperature of a coral reef rises by two degrees, the local marine biodiversity will decline drastically. The argument relies on explicit premises and one unstated sufficient assumption.

Arrange the following statements in a logical sequence to construct a continuous, valid deductive chain (A → B, B → C, C → D) that demonstrates how the sufficient assumption bridges the premises to logically guarantee the argument's final conclusion (A → D).

An AI researcher constructs an argument demonstrating that a new heuristic algorithm lacks artificial general intelligence (AGI). Arrange the following statements in the correct logical sequence to form a continuous deductive chain. Begin with the specific operational feature of the algorithm, follow with the general rule governing that feature, deduce the intermediate consequence, introduce the sufficient assumption (in conditional form) that bridges the final logical gap, and conclude with the main argument.

A local wine shop recently alternated the background music it played, switching between classical music and pop music. The store's records show that on days when classical music was played, the average price of a purchased bottle of wine was 20 percent higher than on days when pop music was played. The store owner concludes that listening to classical music induces customers to purchase more expensive wines.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the store owner's argument?

Analyze the four arguments provided below. Pair each one with the theoretical description that most precisely diagnoses its erroneous assumption about parts and their respective wholes.

Argument: The new Z-100 electric vehicle has a maximum battery range of 400 miles per charge, which is 100 miles greater than the range of any other electric vehicle currently on the market. Based on this significant advantage, industry analysts conclude that the Z-100 will become the top-selling electric vehicle next year.

Statement: A logically necessary assumption of this argument is that consumers consider battery range to be the only important factor when deciding which electric vehicle to purchase.

A local magazine recently conducted a survey to determine whether the city's residents support the construction of a new public park. The magazine mailed a questionnaire to all of its subscribers and found that 80 percent of the respondents strongly favor the new park. Based on these results, the magazine concluded that a vast majority of the city's residents support the construction of the new park.

Which of the following best describes the flaw in the magazine's reasoning?

Conservationist: The Azure Warbler relies exclusively on the Silver Birch tree for nesting. Over the last decade, a fungal disease has destroyed roughly 30 percent of the Silver Birch trees in the regional park. Because of this significant loss of nesting habitats, the population of Azure Warblers in the park will inevitably decline over the next few years.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the conservationist's argument depends?

To combat the invasive lionfish damaging local marine ecosystems, coastal authorities introduced a financial bounty for every lionfish captured by recreational divers. In the twelve months following the program's implementation, the number of lionfish recorded during standardized visual surveys of the local reefs decreased by roughly 40 percent. Based on this decline, officials concluded that the bounty program successfully motivated divers to catch enough lionfish to significantly diminish their overall population in the area.

Which one of the following is an assumption required by the officials' argument?

A local bakery recently replaced its conventional flour with organic flour for all its bread recipes. In the month following this change, the bakery's daily bread sales volume increased by 20 percent. The bakery's owner concludes that the new bread sells better because customers prefer the taste of organic flour over conventional flour.

Which of the following statements, if true, would most strengthen the bakery owner's argument? (Select all that apply)

Systems Engineer: We have spent the last year evaluating the new autonomous vehicle software's ability to interpret degraded road infrastructure. Our testing reveals that every individual predictive algorithm it employs is highly prone to generating false positives when analyzing obscured traffic signs. Critics have argued that this renders the vehicle unsafe for urban deployment. While I disagree with the critics regarding the vehicle's overall safety, we must concede that the software system as an integrated whole is highly prone to generating false positives when analyzing obscured traffic signs.

Which one of the following contains a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to the flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the systems engineer?

Political Commentator: Councilwoman Vance asserts that the proposed zoning deregulation will reduce average rent prices across the city. She bases this claim on a recently published economic model showing a historical correlation between reduced zoning restrictions and decreased housing costs in similar metropolitan areas. However, Vance's assertion is completely unfounded. As the primary shareholder in a massive real estate development firm, she stands to profit immensely from any deregulation. It is obvious that her motives are purely financial.

The reasoning in the political commentator's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it:

Last month, a local restaurant replaced the fast-paced pop music playing in its dining area with slower classical music. Since this change, the average amount of money spent by each table has increased by 15 percent. The restaurant manager concludes that the switch to classical music is the primary cause of this increase in average spending.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the manager's argument depends?

A recent study of a popular mobile game showed that players who purchased the game's premium subscription played for an average of fifteen hours per week. In contrast, players who did not purchase the subscription played for an average of only four hours per week. Based on these findings, the game's developers concluded that the premium subscription directly causes players to engage more deeply with the game.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the developers' conclusion?

A legal scholar argues: "Purely algorithmic decision-making systems, regardless of their processing complexity, cannot be held legally culpable for their outputs. After all, legal culpability requires the capacity for genuine moral deliberation, and such moral deliberation fundamentally necessitates subjective conscious experience on the part of the agent."

Which one of the following, if assumed, enables the conclusion to be properly drawn? Construct this sufficient assumption by arranging the statements below into a valid, continuous deductive chain bridging the argument's premises.

According to the newly published guidelines from the city zoning board, a neighborhood can be officially designated as a 'quiet zone' only if it has absolutely no commercial businesses operating within its boundaries. The residents of the Maplewood neighborhood recently submitted an extensive application requesting this special designation. However, it is clear that the Maplewood neighborhood will not be designated as a 'quiet zone' this year.

Which one of the following, if assumed, enables the conclusion to be properly drawn?