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Question 381Question →

Match the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) monetary policy tools and money supply aggregates in List I with their corresponding functional definitions in List II:

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Answer

Reserve Money (

M_0

) matches with Currency in circulation plus bankers' deposits with the RBI; Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) matches with Mandatory percentage of NDTL maintained in liquid assets; Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) matches with Liquidity absorption tool without collateral; Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) matches with Penal rate window for overnight emergency borrowing.

Reserve Money (

M_0

) represents total high-powered money in the economy consisting of currency with the public, bankers' deposits with RBI, and other deposits. SLR requires banks to maintain a fixed percentage of NDTL in approved liquid assets like government bonds. SDF is the uncollateralized facility used by RBI to absorb surplus liquidity. MSF is the emergency borrowing window for banks operating at a penal rate above the repo rate.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the composition of high-powered money / monetary base (

M_0

)

Reserve Money (

M_0

) represents total monetary liabilities of RBI, equal to currency in circulation + bankers' deposits + other deposits with RBI.

This establishes the core aggregate definition of monetary base.

Differentiate statutory reserve requirements (SLR vs CRR)

SLR requires banks to hold liquid assets (such as G-secs, cash, gold) as a proportion of NDTL.

This prevents over-leveraging and ensures liquidity safety.

Distinguish between liquidity adjustment facilities (SDF vs MSF)

SDF absorbs liquidity without requiring collateral, whereas MSF acts as an emergency overnight lending corridor at a penal rate.

SDF operates as the floor of the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) corridor without collateral, while MSF operates as the ceiling.

Key Concept

Monetary Policy Instruments and Money Supply Aggregates

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 382Question →

Match each type of unemployment in Column I with its appropriate economic definition or characteristic in Column II. Which of the following pair combinations correctly matches all items?

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Answer

Disguised Unemployment matches with zero marginal productivity of labor; Structural Unemployment matches with skill mismatch due to economic shifts; Frictional Unemployment matches with transitional job search gaps; and Seasonal Unemployment matches with cyclic work demand tied to specific times of the year.

Each unemployment type corresponds strictly to its underlying economic mechanism: Disguised unemployment reflects zero marginal labor productivity; Structural unemployment reflects economic/technological skill mismatch; Frictional unemployment represents transitional job search lag; and Seasonal unemployment reflects weather or harvest cycle fluctuations.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze Disguised Unemployment

Identify that extra workers do not increase total output, corresponding to zero marginal productivity.

Disguised unemployment is defined by redundant labor where marginal product equals zero.

Analyze Structural Unemployment

Link it to long-term changes in technology and industry that create skill mismatches.

Structural unemployment results from systemic changes in economic structure rather than short-term fluctuations.

Analyze Frictional and Seasonal Unemployment

Match frictional unemployment with short-term job transition search time, and seasonal unemployment with annual seasonal cycles.

Frictional is voluntary/transitional search time, whereas seasonal is linked to climate and production cycles.

Key Concept

Classifications of Unemployment in Indian Economic Context

Question 383Question →

Match the human endocrine glands listed in List-I with their primary hormones listed in List-II:

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Answer

Pancreas corresponds to Insulin, Thyroid Gland corresponds to Thyroxine, Adrenal Medulla corresponds to Adrenaline, and Pineal Gland corresponds to Melatonin.

Each endocrine gland matches directly with its characteristic primary hormone secretion: the pancreas produces insulin, the thyroid gland produces thyroxine, the adrenal medulla produces adrenaline, and the pineal gland produces melatonin.

Step-by-Step Solution

Match the Pancreas with its hormone.

Pancreas secretes Insulin.

Insulin is synthesized by pancreatic beta cells to lower blood glucose.

Match the Thyroid Gland with its hormone.

Thyroid Gland secretes Thyroxine.

Thyroxine regulates general cellular metabolism and energy production.

Match the Adrenal Medulla with its hormone.

Adrenal Medulla secretes Adrenaline.

Adrenaline increases heart rate and blood flow during stressful acute conditions.

Match the Pineal Gland with its hormone.

Pineal Gland secretes Melatonin.

Melatonin secretion is modulated by light exposure to maintain diurnal rhythm.

Key Concept

Human Endocrine System and Secretory Hormones

Question 384Question →

Match the physical applications and everyday observations in List-I with their underlying governing physics principles in List-II, and select the correct matching combination.

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Answer

Spontaneous upward movement of ink matches Capillary action driven by surface tension; Apparent shift in train whistle pitch matches Doppler Effect; Silvering on vacuum thermos flask surfaces matches Reflection of infrared thermal radiation; and Operation of SONAR matches Reflection and echo timing of ultrasonic acoustic waves.

Each everyday observation is correctly paired with its underlying physical principle: capillary action drives fluid transport through porous media; relative wave source motion causes pitch shifts governed by the Doppler Effect; highly reflective silver coatings suppress thermal energy transfer by reflecting infrared radiation; and SONAR uses reflected ultrasonic acoustic waves for underwater object localization.

Step-by-Step Solution

Examine the liquid transport phenomenon in blotting paper and lamp wicks (Item 1).

Correlated with Capillarity and Surface Tension (Right Item 1).

Fine interconnected pores act as narrow capillary tubes where adhesive forces between liquid molecules and porous material overcome gravitational forces.

Examine the pitch variation of a moving sound source (Item 2).

Correlated with the Doppler Effect (Right Item 2).

Relative velocity between a wave emitter and detector alters the observed frequency of sound waves.

Examine thermal loss prevention techniques in vacuum thermos flasks (Item 3).

Correlated with Thermal Radiation Reflection (Right Item 3).

A reflective silver coating lowers emissivity and reflects electromagnetic radiation in the infrared spectrum.

Examine underwater distance measurement via acoustic signals (Item 4).

Correlated with Ultrasonic Echo Ranging (Right Item 4).

SONAR relies on sending ultrasonic pulses through water and tracking their reflected echo return times.

Key Concept

Everyday Applications of Mechanics, Acoustics, and Thermal Physics Principles

Estimated Time:2m 0s

Question 385Question →

Match the Committees of the Constituent Assembly of India in List-I with their respective Chairpersons in List-II.

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Answer

Steering Committee corresponds to Dr. Rajendra Prasad; Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee corresponds to J.B. Kripalani; States Committee corresponds to Jawaharlal Nehru; Order of Business Committee corresponds to Dr. K.M. Munshi.

The Constituent Assembly appointed several committees to handle specific tasks of constitution-making. The Steering Committee was headed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee by J.B. Kripalani, the States Committee by Jawaharlal Nehru, and the Order of Business Committee by Dr. K.M. Munshi.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the leadership of the Steering Committee.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad chaired the Steering Committee.

As President of the Constituent Assembly, he led procedural and steering committees.

Identify the chairperson of the Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee.

J.B. Kripalani chaired the Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee.

While Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel chaired the main Advisory Committee, J.B. Kripalani headed the sub-committee specifically responsible for fundamental rights.

Identify the chairperson of the States Committee.

Jawaharlal Nehru chaired the States Committee.

Nehru headed key federal committees, including Union Powers, Union Constitution, and the States Committee.

Identify the chairperson of the Order of Business Committee.

Dr. K.M. Munshi chaired the Order of Business Committee.

Dr. K.M. Munshi managed the scheduling and prioritization of legislative business within the Assembly.

Key Concept

Committees of the Constituent Assembly and their Chairpersons

Question 386Question →

Match the everyday physical applications in List-I with their underlying physics principles in List-II, and identify the correct set of matching pairs.

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Answer

The correct matching pairs connect: Hydraulic brakes with Pascal's Law; Brilliant sparkling of a diamond with Total internal reflection; Melting of a safety fuse with Joule heating effect; and Apparent loss of weight of a submerged stone with Archimedes' principle.

Each item in List-I correctly pairs with its foundational governing principle in List-II: hydraulic brakes rely on Pascal's law of fluid pressure; the brilliance of diamonds stems from total internal reflection; safety fuse wires function through Joule heating; and the buoyancy of submerged objects follows Archimedes' principle.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the principle behind hydraulic brakes in vehicles.

Hydraulic systems use incompressible fluids to transmit fluid pressure undiminished to brake shoes.

This direct application of fluid statics corresponds to Pascal's Law.

Examine the optical mechanism causing a diamond to shine brilliantly.

Light entering the diamond strikes inner faces at angles greater than the critical angle, trapping light through repeated internal reflection.

This matches total internal reflection.

Evaluate the thermal effect of electric current in a safety fuse wire.

Excess current generates heat proportional to current squared (

I^2

), raising the wire's temperature to its melting point.

This describes the Joule heating effect of electric current.

Determine the principle explaining reduced apparent weight of submerged objects.

Water exerts an upthrust force equal to the weight of displaced water.

This is defined by Archimedes' principle of buoyancy.

Key Concept

Everyday Applications of Fundamental Physics Laws

Estimated Time:1m 15s

Question 387Question →

Match the physiological processes and agricultural biotechnology mechanisms listed in List-I with their corresponding biological functions or modes of action listed in List-II.

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Answer

Glomalin production by VAM fungi matches with soil structure stabilization and phosphorus mobilization; the Richmond-Lang effect matches with delay of leaf senescence by maintaining protein synthesis and preventing chlorophyll loss; Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) matches with long-distance salicylic acid signaling and PR protein expression; and RNA Interference (RNAi) technology matches with sequence-specific mRNA degradation in target pests.

Each plant process is paired precisely with its established bio-molecular mechanism: VAM glomalin secretion stabilizes soil aggregates and improves phosphorus availability; cytokinin action responsible for the Richmond-Lang effect prevents chlorophyll breakdown; Systemic Acquired Resistance relies on salicylic acid-mediated induction of PR proteins; and pest-targeted RNAi acts via sequence-specific destruction of target pest mRNA.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the function of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and glomalin in agricultural soil science.

Glomalin is a hydrophobic glycoprotein secreted by endomycorrhizal fungi (VAM) that promotes soil aggregate stability and assists in mobilizing immobile soil minerals, especially phosphorus.

Establishing the biochemical link between VAM fungi, glomalin secretion, and soil aggregate formation.

Analyze the plant physiological term 'Richmond-Lang effect'.

The Richmond-Lang effect specifically refers to cytokinin-induced preservation of chlorophyll content and inhibition of protein degradation, delaying leaf senescence.

Distinguishing hormone-specific physiological effects from general growth mechanisms.

Evaluate the mechanism of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) in plant pathology.

SAR relies on endogenous salicylic acid accumulation following initial pathogen attack, leading to systemic synthesis of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) defense proteins throughout the plant.

Connecting plant immunity signaling pathways with systemic transcriptional activation.

Examine the mode of action of agricultural RNA Interference (RNAi) pest control.

RNAi technology uses engineered dsRNA sequences matching essential pest genes to cause gene silencing through targeted messenger RNA degradation.

Linking biotechnological gene expression tools to target-specific post-transcriptional silencing mechanisms.

Key Concept

Plant Physiological Signaling, Mycorrhizal Interactions, and Crop Biotechnology Applications

Question 388Question →

Match the prominent Bhakti movement philosophers listed in List I with their corresponding philosophical schools listed in List II.

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Answer

Ramanujacharya matches with Vishishtadvaita (Qualified Non-Dualism), Madhvacharya matches with Dvaita (Dualism), Nimbarkacharya matches with Dvaitadvaita (Dualistic Non-Dualism), and Vallabhacharya matches with Shuddhadvaita (Pure Non-Dualism).

Each medieval Bhakti philosopher formulated a distinct Vedantic school of thought. Ramanujacharya expounded Vishishtadvaita, Madhvacharya expounded Dvaita, Nimbarkacharya expounded Dvaitadvaita, and Vallabhacharya expounded Shuddhadvaita.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the philosophical tradition founded by Ramanujacharya.

Ramanujacharya propounded Vishishtadvaita (Qualified Non-Dualism).

He asserted that Brahman is qualified by matter and individual souls.

Identify the doctrine of Madhvacharya.

Madhvacharya propounded Dvaita (Dualism).

He taught that God, individual souls, and matter are eternally distinct entities.

Identify the doctrine of Nimbarkacharya.

Nimbarkacharya propounded Dvaitadvaita (Dualistic Non-Dualism).

He emphasized Radha-Krishna worship through the dual doctrine of difference and non-difference.

Identify the doctrine of Vallabhacharya.

Vallabhacharya propounded Shuddhadvaita (Pure Non-Dualism).

He taught that the entire world is real and non-different from Brahman without the illusion of Maya.

Key Concept

Philosophical Schools of the Bhakti Movement

Question 389Question →

Match the following historical committees/commissions associated with Indian constitutional developments and the transfer of power with their primary scope or objective:

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Answer

Muddiman Committee (1924) matches with inquiring into Dyarchy under the 1919 Act; Butler Committee (1927) matches with examining relations between British Paramountcy and Princely States; Sapru Committee (1945) matches with constitutional proposals rejecting partition; Radcliffe Commission (1947) matches with demarcating the boundary lines of Bengal and Punjab.

Each committee is correctly mapped to its historical mandate: the Muddiman Committee reviewed Dyarchy under the GOI Act 1919; the Butler Committee evaluated Paramountcy regarding Princely States; the Sapru Committee sought an undivided constitutional framework; and the Radcliffe Commission established the physical boundaries for Partition in 1947.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the purpose of the Muddiman Committee (1924).

It was set up to evaluate the administrative working of Dyarchy introduced in provinces by the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919.

Official criticism of provincial Dyarchy prompted the British government to review its operational success.

Identify the focus of the Butler Committee (1927).

It investigated the legal and political relationship between the British Crown (Paramountcy) and the Princely States of India.

The growing national movement required defining Paramountcy and protecting the rulers' constitutional relationship with the Crown.

Analyze the recommendations of the Sapru Committee (1945).

It presented a non-party constitutional report advocating an undivided India with extensive minority rights, firmly rejecting the division of the country.

The committee aimed to resolve political deadlocks prior to the Cabinet Mission.

Determine the mandate of the Radcliffe Commission (1947).

It was tasked with drawing the boundary line separating India and Pakistan across Punjab and Bengal based on contiguous majority areas.

The Indian Independence Act of 1947 necessitated rapid demarcation of physical borders.

Key Concept

Committees and Commissions on Constitutional Developments and Transfer of Power

Question 390Question →

Match List-I (Cybersecurity Concepts and Legal Provisions) with List-II (Core Features and Operational Principles) and select the correct matching pairs.

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Answer

The correct matching pairs Section 66F of the Information Technology Act, 2000 with statutory penalties for cyber terrorism affecting national sovereignty; Homomorphic Encryption with performing operations on ciphertexts without decryption; DNS Amplification Attack with exploiting open resolvers using spoofed IP addresses for DDoS traffic amplification; and Zero Trust Architecture with continuous authentication under the 'never trust, always verify' security model.

The correct pairings align each cybersecurity term and legal provision with its exact technical or statutory definition: Section 66F penalizes cyber terrorism against national security; Homomorphic Encryption enables computation over ciphertexts without prior decryption; DNS Amplification exploits open resolvers via spoofed requests to flood target systems; and Zero Trust Architecture eliminates implicit perimeter trust by enforcing continuous authentication.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the legal scope of Section 66F of the IT Act, 2000.

Section 66F focuses on Cyber Terrorism against national security, unity, and sovereign electronic infrastructure.

State PSC exams frequently test specific sections of the Indian IT Act, particularly provisions related to cyber terrorism (66F), privacy (66E), and identity theft (66C).

Evaluate the technical definition of Homomorphic Encryption.

Connect Homomorphic Encryption to performing computations on encrypted data without decrypting it first.

This cryptographic technique is essential for secure cloud computing and privacy-preserving data analytics.

Analyze the attack mechanism of DNS Amplification.

Associate DNS Amplification with reflection-based DDoS attacks using open recursive resolvers and IP spoofing.

Small UDP queries generate disproportionately large DNS response payloads sent to the victim's spoofed IP address.

Determine the operational paradigm of Zero Trust Architecture.

Link Zero Trust Architecture with continuous identity verification and zero implicit network perimeter trust.

ZTA assumes threats exist both outside and inside the corporate network boundary.

Key Concept

Information Security Frameworks, Cryptography, Cyber Attacks, and Statutory Laws

Estimated Time:2m 0s

Question 391Question →

Match the specialized human physiological cell types listed in List-I with their primary secretory products and functions listed in List-II:

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Answer

Juxtaglomerular Cells correspond to Renin secretion; Chief Cells correspond to Pepsinogen secretion; Alpha Cells correspond to Glucagon secretion; Parafollicular C Cells correspond to Calcitonin secretion.

The cell types match precisely with their physiological functions: Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin for blood pressure homeostasis; Chief cells secrete pepsinogen for gastric digestion; Alpha cells produce glucagon to elevate blood glucose; and Parafollicular C cells produce calcitonin to reduce blood calcium levels.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze renal endocrine function

Juxtaglomerular cells located in the kidney produce Renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Renin secretion is a key regulator of blood volume and arterial pressure.

Analyze gastric secretory mechanisms

Chief cells in gastric mucosa produce Pepsinogen, whereas Parietal cells secrete Hydrochloric Acid (

HCl

Pepsinogen must be activated by acidic pH to form pepsin.

Analyze endocrine pancreas regulation

Alpha cells secrete Glucagon (hyperglycemic factor), while Beta cells produce Insulin.

Glucagon maintains glucose homeostasis during fasting states.

Analyze thyroid calcium-regulating cells

Parafollicular C cells synthesize Calcitonin, which acts as an antagonist to Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).

Calcitonin decreases blood

Ca^{2+}

concentration by promoting calcium incorporation into bone tissue.

Key Concept

Endocrine and exocrine cell differentiation and functional secretions in human organ systems

Question 392Question →

Match the chemical compounds in List I with their primary industrial applications and daily life functions in List II.

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Answer

Hydrazine correctly pairs with its industrial role as a boiler water oxygen scavenger and propellant; Sodium Thiosulfate correctly pairs with its application as an antichlor agent and photographic fixer; Calcium Phosphate pairs with its biological role as the structural constituent of tooth enamel and bone; Zeolite pairs with its function as an ion-exchange water softener and catalyst.

Each chemical compound is accurately linked to its specific functional role: Hydrazine acts as an oxygen scavenger in boiler feed water; Sodium Thiosulfate acts as an antichlor and photographic fixer; Calcium Phosphate forms the mineral structure of tooth enamel and bone; Zeolite acts as an ion-exchange medium for water softening.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the industrial function of Hydrazine (

N_2H_4

Hydrazine reacts quantitatively with dissolved oxygen to yield nitrogen gas and water, preventing pitting corrosion in steam boilers without increasing dissolved solid content.

Its strong reducing action makes it ideal for water treatment and rocket fuel formulations.

Determine the application of Sodium Thiosulfate (

Na_2S_2O_3

Sodium thiosulfate neutralizes excess chlorine left on textiles post-bleaching (acting as an antichlor) and forms soluble thiosulfato-argentate complexes in film processing.

These chemical reactions define its dual identity as an antichlor and photographic fixing agent ('hypo').

Analyze the biochemical structural role of Calcium Phosphate (

Ca_3(PO_4)_2

In biological systems, crystalline calcium phosphate derivatives (hydroxyapatite) construct the hard mineral phase of bones and dental enamel.

It supplies structural integrity against mechanical stress in mammalian anatomy.

Evaluate the chemical utility of Zeolites.

Microporous sodium aluminosilicates exchange their structural

Na^+

ions for hard-water

Ca^{2+}

and

Mg^{2+}

ions, making them effective builders in eco-friendly detergents.

Their defined molecular pore networks also allow shape-selective catalytic cracking in petroleum refineries.

Key Concept

Industrial applications and daily life functions of inorganic compounds

Question 393Question →

Match the chemical substances listed in List I with their corresponding primary industrial applications or daily life functions in List II.

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Answer

Chloroxylenol matches with active antiseptic agent in commercial disinfectant liquid formulations; Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin matches with thermosetting polymer utilized in manufacturing shatterproof dinnerware; Bordeaux Mixture matches with inorganic fungicide and bactericide applied in agricultural crop protection; and Potassium Nitrate matches with oxidizing component used in gunpowder and pyrotechnic formulations.

Chloroxylenol functions as an active antiseptic in disinfectant liquids; Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin is a thermosetting plastic used for durable dinnerware; Bordeaux Mixture is a copper-based agricultural fungicide; and Potassium Nitrate serves as an oxidizing agent in propellant and pyrotechnic mixtures.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze the chemical nature and application of Chloroxylenol.

Chloroxylenol (

C_8H_9ClO

) is a halogenated phenolic antiseptic.

It disrupts microbial cell membranes and inactivates key cellular enzymes, making it the active ingredient in antimicrobial products.

Evaluate the structure and utility of Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin.

It is formed via condensation polymerization of melamine with formaldehyde.

Extensive three-dimensional cross-linking renders it rigid, durable, and heat-resistant, ideal for shatterproof kitchenware.

Examine the composition and agricultural role of Bordeaux Mixture.

It is prepared by combining copper sulfate (

CuSO_4

) solution with slaked lime (

Ca(OH)_2

) suspension.

The released copper ions (

Cu^{2+}

) inhibit fungal spore germination on crops such as grapes and potatoes.

Identify the industrial function of Potassium Nitrate.

Potassium nitrate (

KNO_3

) readily undergoes thermal decomposition to liberate oxygen gas.

This rapid oxygen supply drives the rapid oxidation of fuels (sulfur and charcoal) in gunpowder and pyrotechnic compositions.

Key Concept

Chemical compounds in daily life and industrial applications

Question 394Question →

Match the statutory bodies listed in List-I with their corresponding distinctive statutory provisions or governing mandates listed in List-II:

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Answer

Central Vigilance Commission corresponds to a 4-year tenure (or age 65); National Human Rights Commission corresponds to a revised 3-year term (or age 70) under the 2019 Amendment; Competition Commission of India corresponds to regulating anti-competitive practices under the Competition Act, 2002; National Green Tribunal corresponds to the statutory 6-month disposal mandate guided by natural justice principles.

Each statutory body in India is established by a specific Act of Parliament detailing its tenure, composition, and legal mandates. The CVC operates on a distinct 4-year tenure under the CVC Act 2003. The NHRC tenure was amended in 2019 to 3 years or 70 years of age. The CCI derives its jurisdiction over anti-competitive practices from the Competition Act 2002. The NGT functions under a statutory 6-month case disposal objective guided by natural justice principles under the NGT Act 2010.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the governing statutory tenure of the Central Vigilance Commission.

The CVC Act, 2003 specifies a unique tenure of 4 years or age 65 (non-renewable), which sets it apart from standard 3-year or 5-year statutory terms.

Establishing the precise statutory tenure rule for CVC.

Analyze recent legislative amendments affecting the National Human Rights Commission.

The 2019 Amendment Act reduced the NHRC Chairperson's tenure from 5 years to 3 years while retaining the upper age limit of 70 years.

Matching statutory updates to human rights governance bodies.

Determine the primary statutory function of the Competition Commission of India.

Under the Competition Act, 2002, CCI regulates market practices to ensure fair competition and prevent abuse of dominance.

Linking economic governance statutory bodies to their enabling legislation.

Review procedural rules governing the National Green Tribunal.

The NGT Act, 2010 specifically mandates rapid disposal within 6 months based on principles of natural justice.

Connecting environmental adjudication bodies with their statutory timeline and legal framework.

Key Concept

Statutory Bodies and Public Policy Governance

Estimated Time:1m 30s

Question 395Question →

Match the Articles of the Constitution of India related to Centre-State Administrative Relations in List-I with their corresponding subject provisions in List-II:

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Answer

Article 256 matches with the obligation of States to ensure compliance with parliamentary laws; Article 257 matches with Union control over States regarding maintenance of communications of national importance; Article 258 matches with the power of the Union to entrust executive functions to States with consent; and Article 262 matches with adjudication of inter-State water disputes.

The matching correctly pairs each constitutional provision in Part XI with its exact scope: Article 256 relates to general compliance obligations of State executive power; Article 257 deals with Union directions on national communication infrastructure; Article 258 allows the President to entrust Union executive tasks to a State with its consent; and Article 262 deals with inter-State river water dispute adjudication.

Step-by-Step Solution

Analyze administrative directives under Article 256 and Article 257

Identify that Article 256 governs general compliance obligations of States to Central laws, whereas Article 257 relates to specific Union directions such as military communication routes and protection of railways.

Administrative relations specify how Union executive authority coordinates with and directs State administrative machinery.

Examine delegation of executive functions under Article 258

Determine that Article 258 provides a mechanism for mutual intergovernmental delegation where the Centre entrusts administrative duties to States with consent.

This avoids administrative rigidity in a federal framework.

Verify inter-State dispute resolution mechanism under Article 262

Confirm that Article 262 deals specifically with inter-State river water adjudication.

Article 262 empowers Parliament to exclude jurisdiction of the Supreme Court or other courts over inter-State river water disputes.

Key Concept

Centre-State Administrative Relations and Inter-State Water Dispute Adjudication under Part XI of the Constitution of India

Question 396Question →

Match the human digestive enzymes listed in List-I with their primary physiological functions and sites of action listed in List-II:

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Answer

Pepsin matches with initiating protein digestion in the acidic stomach environment; Trypsin matches with cleaving proteins into peptides in the alkaline intestinal environment; Amylase matches with hydrolyzing starch into simple sugars; and Lipase matches with breaking down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Each enzyme is paired correctly based on its substrate and site of physiological action: Pepsin initiates protein digestion in the stomach under acidic conditions; Trypsin continues protein digestion in the small intestine under alkaline conditions; Amylase breaks down complex starches into sugars; and Lipase hydrolyzes fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify gastric protein-digesting enzymes and their optimal environment.

Pepsin operates in the acidic gastric juice (pH ~1.5–2.0) of the stomach to digest proteins into peptones.

Hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells activates pepsinogen into pepsin.

Identify intestinal protein-digesting enzymes and their optimal environment.

Trypsin acts in the duodenum/small intestine where pancreatic bicarbonate creates an alkaline pH (~7.5–8.0).

Pancreatic proteases require neutral to slightly alkaline conditions for optimal enzymatic activity.

Map carbohydrate and lipid degrading enzymes to their specific substrate reactions.

Amylase acts on carbohydrates (starches), while Lipase acts on lipids (fats).

Enzyme specificity dictates that amylase breaks down α-1,4-glycosidic bonds, whereas lipase hydrolyzes lipid ester bonds.

Key Concept

Human Digestive Enzymes, Substrate Specificity, and pH Requirements

Question 397Question →

Match the cell organelles listed in List-I with their corresponding physiological functions listed in List-II:

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Answer

Mitochondria matches with Cellular respiration and ATP production; Ribosomes matches with Protein synthesis; Lysosomes matches with Intracellular digestion and waste breakdown; Golgi Apparatus matches with Modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins.

Each cell organelle is accurately matched with its essential function: Mitochondria generate cellular energy (ATP), Ribosomes are the sites of protein assembly, Lysosomes digest cellular waste materials, and the Golgi apparatus packages and routes proteins.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the primary function of Mitochondria.

Mitochondria host cellular respiration to generate ATP, making them the powerhouses of the cell.

This establishes the correct pairing between Mitochondria and Cellular respiration and ATP production.

Identify the primary function of Ribosomes.

Ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins during translation.

This establishes the match between Ribosomes and Protein synthesis.

Identify the primary function of Lysosomes.

Lysosomes store digestive enzymes responsible for degrading cellular waste.

This establishes the match between Lysosomes and Intracellular digestion and waste breakdown.

Identify the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus.

The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for transport within or outside the cell.

This establishes the match between Golgi Apparatus and Modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins.

Key Concept

Primary structures and physiological functions of eukaryotic cell organelles

Question 398Question →

Match the Constitutional Articles of the Union Executive in List-I with their respective constitutional provisions in List-II:

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Answer

Article 63 matches with the provision establishing the office of the Vice-President of India; Article 75(3) matches with collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Lok Sabha; Article 77 matches with conduct of business of the Government of India in the name of the President; and Article 78 matches with duties of the Prime Minister regarding furnishing of information to the President.

The matching correctly identifies the precise constitutional mandate of each article under Chapter I of Part V of the Constitution of India: Article 63 creates the post of Vice-President, Article 75(3) defines cabinet accountability to the Lok Sabha, Article 77 regulates official executive orders under the President's name, and Article 78 outlines the Prime Minister's duty to report to the President.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the core subject matter of Article 63 and Article 75(3)

Article 63 mandates the office of the Vice-President of India, while Article 75(3) establishes the principle of collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Lok Sabha.

These are direct provisions governing executive offices and cabinet accountability.

Identify the procedural mandates of Article 77 and Article 78

Article 77 requires all executive notifications and actions to be formally taken in the President's name, while Article 78 defines the Prime Minister as the chief channel of communication between the Cabinet and the President.

These articles regulate administrative workflow and the constitutional dialogue between the Prime Minister and the Head of State.

Match each article code with its correct corresponding provision

Article 63 pairs with office of Vice-President; Article 75(3) pairs with collective responsibility; Article 77 pairs with conduct of business in President's name; Article 78 pairs with Prime Minister's duties to inform the President.

Establishes standard constitutional accuracy.

Key Concept

Constitutional Articles governing the Union Executive

Question 399Question →

Match the bio-fertilizers and beneficial microorganisms listed in List-I with their primary agricultural roles or host associations listed in List-II.

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Answer

Azotobacter matches with free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium for non-leguminous crops; Rhizobium matches with symbiotic nitrogen fixer in legume root nodules; Anabaena azollae matches with cyanobacterial symbiont used in rice paddies; and Mycorrhiza matches with fungal association enhancing phosphorus absorption.

Each microorganism corresponds to its primary function in plant nutrition and crop management: Azotobacter fixes nitrogen freely in non-legume soils, Rhizobium forms symbiotic nodules in legumes, Anabaena azollae enriches nitrogen in paddy fields via water fern symbiosis, and Mycorrhiza boosts plant phosphorus absorption.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the nitrogen-fixing bacteria based on host specificity and habitat.

Rhizobium specifically infects leguminous roots forming nodules, while Azotobacter lives freely in soil around non-legume crops.

Differentiating symbiotic legume fixers from free-living non-legumes is key to matching nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Identify the aquatic bio-fertilizer agent.

Anabaena azollae works symbiotically with Azolla fern in flooded paddy fields to supply bio-available nitrogen.

Azolla-Anabaena system is a classic bio-fertilizer combination for wetland rice agriculture.

Identify nutrient absorption fungi.

Mycorrhiza expands root surface area primarily for phosphorus transport.

Mycorrhizae specialize in solubilization and mobilization of immobile soil phosphorus.

Key Concept

Bio-fertilizers and Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture

Question 400Question →

Match the human hormonal deficiency conditions listed in List-I with their corresponding causative hormonal imbalances in List-II:

Click a left item, then click its matching right item

Show answer & explanation

Answer

Diabetes Insipidus corresponds to Hyposecretion of Vasopressin; Addison's Disease corresponds to Hyposecretion of Glucocorticoids; Cretinism corresponds to Congenital deficiency of Thyroid Hormone; Diabetes Mellitus corresponds to Hyposecretion or impaired action of Insulin.

Each pathological condition directly matches its underlying endocrine gland defect: Diabetes Insipidus is caused by vasopressin deficiency, Addison's disease by adrenocortical steroid (cortisol) deficiency, Cretinism by infantile hypothyroidism, and Diabetes Mellitus by pancreatic insulin deficiency.

Step-by-Step Solution

Identify the etiology of Diabetes Insipidus

Vasopressin (ADH) controls water retention in kidney tubules. Its deficiency causes Diabetes Insipidus.

Deficiency of ADH prevents reabsorption of water, causing polyuria and polydipsia without glucose elevation.

Identify the etiology of Addison's Disease

Destruction or autoimmune impairment of the adrenal cortex causes deficiency of Cortisol, leading to Addison's disease.

The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids essential for electrolyte balance and stress response.

Identify the etiology of Cretinism

Thyroid hormone deficiency during embryonic development or early infancy causes Cretinism.

Thyroxine is vital for central nervous system maturation and skeletal growth.

Identify the etiology of Diabetes Mellitus

Deficiency in secretion or activity of pancreatic Insulin causes Diabetes Mellitus.

Insulin facilitates cellular uptake of glucose; its absence leads to systemic hyperglycemia.

Key Concept

Human Endocrine Physiology and Hormonal Deficiency Pathology

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